October 2018 | Case of the Month

History

A 54 year old man presented with a widespread itchy eruption that had developed over a few weeks. There was no prior history of skin problems or relevant family history. The patient had a long history of depression and had been taking venlafaxine for four years and lithium for approximately two years. He had no relevant hobbies. 


Examination

A widespread rash comprised of many violaceous firm papules and flat-topped nodules. The lesions had a little surface scale but there were no other surface changes. There were no nail or mucosal changes.


Investigations

What is the differential diagnosis?


Images

Diagnosis

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The appearances were similar to lichen planus but not entirely typical so a biopsy was carried out. The biopsy was in keeping with a lichenoid drug reaction.

Lichenoid drug reactions: 

  • Drug‐induced LP reactions represent approximately 10% of all LP cases
  • Chronology -  usually months (even years) after the first exposure to the medication
  • Clinical features
    • Can be clinically indistinguishable from normal LP although is frequently more severe, Wickham's striae are often absent, and nail and mucosal change less common 
    • In some cases the features are non‐specific, sometimes lesions may be scaly
    • Mucosal lichenoid reactions can also be caused by drugs
    • Photodistributed lichenoid lesions may occur with a number of drugs, including thiazide diuretics
  • Most commonly associated medications - gold, antimalarials, thiazides, ACEI, NSAIDs, betablockers, quinine, penacillamine, lithium, sulfa drugs (including sulfonylurea hypoglycaemic agents, dapsone, sulfasalazine), tramadol 
  • Skin histology is essential for the diagnosis of lichenoid drug eruptions
  • The diagnosis is proven by disease resolution on withdrawal of the offending drug. Disease resolution may take weeks to months

In this case it was felt likely that lithium was the cause of the rash so an urgent psychiatric review was requested. Given the relatively stable mood of the patient and the severity of the rash the decision was taken to carefully withdraw the lithium. The patient's mood remained stable and the rash gradually resolved over the next three months.

Please refer to the relevant chapter on Drug rashes - mild to moderate for further information. 

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Almirall
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LEO Pharma
Pierre Fabre
Schuco